Schlakman, Bruce N., M.D.

Primary Practice Location:
University Hospital
2500 N. State St.
Jackson, MS 39216

Appointments: (888) 815-2005

Areas of Practice: Head and Neck Cancers, Brain and Central Nervous System Cancers, Neuroradiology

Education

Medical Education:	University Of Pennsylvania School Of Medicine
Internship Program:	Pennsylvania Hospital (UPHS)
Residency Program:	Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania
Fellowship Program:	Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania

Current Positions

Associate Professor , School of Medicine	07/2013 - Present
The University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson, Mississippi 39216

Education

Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Fellowship, Neuroradiology	1993
Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Radiology Residency, Diagnostic Radiology	1992
Pennsylvania Hospital, Intern, Internship-Internal Medicine	1988
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, MD, Medicine	1987
Johns Hopkins University, BA, Biophysics	1983

Specialty Certification Licensure

Re-certification, CAQ Neuroradiology	03/2015 - 12/2025
Re-certification, CAQ Neuroradiology	01/2005 - 12/2015
Certification, Diagnostic Radiology	1992 - Present
Certification, CAQ Neuroradiology	1995 - 2005
Licensure, Florida Medical License	1993 - 01/2017
Licensure, CA Medical License	1992 - 01/2016
Licensure, PA Medical License	1988 - 12/2016
Licensure, MS medical License	11/2007 - 06/2016

Academic Appointments or Other Previous Appointments

Assistant Professor, UMMC, School of Medicine, Department of Radiology	2008 - 07/2013
Clinical Radiologist, National Musculoskeletal Imaging, School of	07/2003 - 12/2007
Clinical Radiologist, OMI MRI Network, School of	07/2003 - 12/2007
company owner, Schlakman Medical, Inc.dba Schlakman Imaging, School of	06/2003 - 12/2007
Clinical Faculty Appointment, Barry University, Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, Department of Podiatric Medicine and Surgery	2001 - 2003
Medical Director, Department of Radiology 1997-2003, North Shore Medical Center, Department of Radiology	07/1997 - 07/2003
Diagnostic Radiologist, North Shore Medical Center, Department of Radiology	07/1993 - 07/2003
Instructor, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, School of Medicine, Department of Radiology	1992 - 1993
Instructor, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, School of Medicine, Department of Radiology	1991 - 1993
Assistant Instructor, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, School of , Department of Radiology	1988 - 1992
MRI Summer Research Position as a medical student, resulting in publication, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, School of	1984
Multiyear undergraduate work study program in a research laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, School of , Department of Biochemical Immunology Research	1980 - 1983

Honors, Awards, and Recognition

Piccin Nuova Libraria Award
Alpha Omega Alpha Medical Honor Society
General and Departmental Honors, Johns Hopkins University
Alpha Epsilon Delta, Dean's List, Johns Hopkins University
Phi Beta Kappa Honor Society, Johns Hopkins University

Professional Membership and Service

American Society of Spine Radiology, Member	2017 - Present
OMI MRI Network (medical director), Director, Pembroke Pines Florida: Medical Director 7/ 2003-12/15/07:	2003 - 2007
North Shore Medical Center, Miami, FL, Committee Chair, Chair of Credentials Committee	2001 - 2003
North Shore Medical Center, Miami, FL, Committee Chair, Chair- By-laws Committee	2001 - 2003
North Shore Medical Center, Miami, FL, Officer, Other Officer, Vice-Chief of Staff, November 2000- May 2003	2000 - 2003
North Shore Medical Center, Miami, FL, Member, Medical Executive committee	1999 - 2000
North Shore Medical Center, Miami FL, Officer, Secretary, Secretary of Medical Staff	1998 - 1999
American Roentgen Ray Society, Member	2016
Committees North Shore Medical Center, Miami, FL, Credentials Committee chairman 2001- May 2003, member 1996-97 By-laws Committee chairman 2001- May 2003, member 1994-95 Medical Executive Committee, Member at Large 1999-2000 Executive Committee 1998-99 Resource Utilization Committee 1998-2000 Clinical Care Committee 1997-2001 Medicine Committee 1998-2003 OR Committee 1994-98	2003
North Shore Medical Center. Director: Kenneth Fischer, MD., Ellipsoidal study for acute ischemic strokes. Role: reviewed ct scans for patients in a clinical trial., Ellipsoidal study for acute ischemic strokes. Role: reviewed ct scans for patients in a clinical trial. North Shore Medical Center. Director: Kenneth Fischer, MD.	1995
American College of Radiology, Member
American Society of Neuroradiology, Member
Mississippi Chapter of American College of Radiology, Member
Mississippi State Medical Association, Member
Radiological Society of North America, Member
Southeastern Neuroradiology Society, Member

Committee Service

SCHOOL OF MEDICINE-ADMISSIONS FILE REVIEW SUBCOMMITTEE, Member	2012 - 2016
Imaging Physicians Advisory Group, Member	2008 - 2009
Radiology Physicians Compensation Committee, Member	2008 - 2009

Other Service

MRI Quality Assurance Committee participant, MRI Quality Assurance Committee participant	06/2016 - Present
Research collaborations includes: Analysis of MRI metal distortions and artifacts associated with orthodontic braces in children. ENT Tongue strength and Frailty in Head and Neck Cancer patients (2016), Collaboration	2011 - Present

Publications

Journal Article
Amy Farkas MD, Bruce Schlakman MD, Majid Khan MD, David Joyner MD Glioblastoma Presenting with Acute Middle Cerebral Artery Territory Infarct Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. 20 February 2018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.01.019	2018
LaFleur, M.; Joyner, D.; Schlakman, B.; Orozco-Castillo, L.; Khan, M. Balamuthia Mandrillaris Meningoencephalitis associated with Solid Organ Transplantation - Review of Cases. Journal of Radiology Case Reports, North America, 722 09 2013. Radiology Case. 2013 Sep; 7(9):9-18 :: DOI: 10.3941/jrcr.v7i9.1356	2013
Lalan S, Khan M, Schlakman B, Penman A, Gatlin J, Herndon R. Differentiation of Neuromyelitis Optica from Multiple Sclerosis on Spinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging. International Journal of MS Care: Winter 2012, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 209-214.	2012
Kolodney H, Swedenburg G , Segrest-Taylor S, Carron JD, Schlakman BN, MD Using cephalometric landmarks and 3-d volumetric computer modeling to establish position for an auricular implant surgical guide: A clinical report. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2011 (Vol. 106, Pages 284-289	2011
Gatlin JL, Wineman R, Schlakman B, Buciuc R, Khan MA Hypertrophic olivary degeneration after resection of a Pontine Cavernous Malformation: a case report. Journal of Radiology Case Reports [online] 2011 Mar; 5(3):24-29	2011
Steiner MA, Khan M, May BB, Schlakman B, Vijayakumar V Giant recurrent glomus jugulotympanicum with intracranial, extracranial, and nasopharyngeal extension: The imaging role in clinical management. Radiology Case Reports. [Online] 2009;4:314.	2009
Bigelow DC, Hoffer ME, Schlakman B , Hurst RW, and Smith PG Angiographic assessment of the transverse sinus and vein of labbe to avoid complications in skull base surgery Skull Base Surgery 1993; 3(4): 217-222	1993
Schlakman BN, Meranze SG, McLean GK, Burke DR inferior epigastic artery laceration following cystostomy tibe placement: angiographic diagnosis and control J Interventional Radiology 1986; 1:77-78
Kundel HL, Schlakman BS, Joseph PM, Fishman JE, Summers, R Water content and NMR relaxation time gradients in the rabbit kidney Invest Radiol 1986; 21:12-17
Chung TS, Yousem DM , Siigerman HM, Schlakman BN, Weinstein GS and Hayden RE MR of mandibular invasion in patients with oral and oropharyngeal malignant neoplasms AJNR 1994; 15:1949-1955
Schlakman B, Pollak HM Imaging corner: dysuria and urethral discharge in a young manL: what is your diagnosis? Comtemporary Urology 1990; 2:11, 58-61
Schlakman BN, Yousem DM. MR of Intraparotid Masses AJNR 1993; 14:1173-1180.

Presentations

Invited Symposia, Phakomatoses Part 2., Southeastern Neuroradiological Society, Naples, FL	10/2013
Invited Symposia, Congenital Malformations of the Spine., Southeastern Neuroradiological Society Thirty-sixth Annual Meeting, Palm Coast, Florida	10/2012
Scientific Presentations, Balamuthia Mandrillaris Meningoencephalitis Associated with Solid Organ Transplantation: Review of Cases., American Society of Neuoradiology 49th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington	06/2011
Scientific Presentations, Using Cephalometric Landmarks With 3-D Volumetric Computer Modeling To Establish Position For An Auricular Implant Surgical Guide., Third International Symposium on Bone Conduction Hearing – Craniofacial Osseointegration held in conjunction with the International Anaplastology Association, Sarasota Florida	03/2011
Poster Presentation, Rarely Seen Congenital Pediatric Central Nervous System Anomalies, American Society of Neuoradiology 49th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington	2011
State/Local Invited Seminars/Lectures, Brain Imaging: Points and Techniques, Neurology/Neurosurgery Grand Rounds, University of Mississippi	09/2010
Poster Presentation, Image-Guided Placement of Lumbar Drains, 48th Annual Meeting American Society of Neuroradiology, Boston MA	2010
Poster Presentation, Complete Currarino Triad in a Seven Month Old Girl Presenting with Diarrhea, Southern Medical Association National Conference, Dallas, TX	2009
Poster Presentation, Jarcho Levin Syndrome, Southern Medical Association National Conference, Dallas, TX	2009
Poster Presentation, Paraganglioma: The University of Mississippi Medical Center (UMMC) Experience, Endocrine Society Annual Meeting, Washington, DC	2009
State/Local Invited Seminars/Lectures, CT/MRI FINDINGS IN HEAD AND NECK CANCER WITH CASE EXAMPLES, UMMC continuing education course, Radiology, Jackson, MS.	10/2008
Poster Presentation, Ameloblastoma, Southern Medical Association, Nashville, Tennesseed	08/2008
Poster Presentation, Cerebellar Brain Abscess as a Complication of Mastoiditis, Southern Medical Association, Nashville, Tennessee	08/2008
Poster Presentation, Imaging Sinonasal Masses, Southern Medical Association, Nashville, Tennessee	08/2008
Poster Presentation, More Than a Pain in the Neck: Differential Diagnosis of Clival Masses, Southern Medical Association, Nashville, Tennessee	08/2008
Poster Presentation, MR Imaging Characteristics of an Intracranial Epidermoid Cyst, Southern Medical Association, Nashville, Tennessee	08/2008
Poster Presentation, Uncommon Congenital Pediatric CNS Pathology, RSNA National Conference, Chicago, Il	2008
Invited Symposia, Imaging of Cerebral Vascular Disease, North Shore Medical Center Combined Department of Medicine and Surgery Departmental Meeting, Miami, Florida	03/1996
Scientific Presentations, Predictiability of mandibular invasion by MR, 32nd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Neuroradiology, Nashville, TN	05/1994
invited speaker, Rotary Club, Miami Shores, Modern Medical Imaging, Rotary Club, Miami Shores, Florida	02/1994
Scientific Presentations, Angiographic assessment of the transverse sinus and vein of labbe to avoid complications in skull base surgery, 1993 North American Skull Base Surgery Society Meeting, Scottsdale, Arizona	1993
Scientific Presentations, Evaluation of MR Pulse sequences for detecting parotid masses, 77th Annual Meeting of the Radiological Society of North America, Chicago, IL	11/1991
Scientific Presentations, Evaluation of MR pulse sequences for detecting parotid masses, Eastern Neuroradiology Society Meeting, Newport, Rhode Island	09/1991
Scientific Presentations, Water content and NMR relaxation time gradients in the rabbit kidney, 33rd Annual Meeting of the Assoc of University Radiologists, Nashville, TN	05/1985

Teaching Experience

Medicine, M3/4 Radiology Elective Introduction to Neuroradiology lecture "Altered Mental Status: Acute Imaging" 1/14/19	2019
Medicine, M3/4 Radiology Elective Introduction to Neuroradiology lecture "Altered Mental Status: Acute Imaging" 1/9/2018, 2/19/2018, 3/12/2018, 4/16/18, 6/11/18, 8/13/18, 10/15/18	2018
Medicine, Lecture, Guest Presenter, CONJ 611 Medical Neuroscience and Behavior (NEUROANATOMY M1 Lecture: Introduction to Brain and Spine Medical Imaging)	Annual 2018 - 2018
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, Radiology Resident Noon Conference Non-Traumatic Spine Emergencies: part 1 3/8/2018, part 2 3/22/2018	2018
Medicine, Lecturer, Radiology Resident Noon lecture series: Congenital brain disorders Part 1 7/11/2011, Part 2 7/18/2011	2018
Medicine, Radiology Resident Noon lecture series:PHAKOMATOSES HOURS PART 1 OF 3 NF1/2 , given 8/20/18 PHAKOMATOSES 3 HOURS PART 2,3 OF 3 TS/VHL/SW MISC 10/1/18	2018
Medicine, Small Group, Guest Presenter, M1 GROSS ANATOMY LAB: 1 hour lab presentations on skull base, cranial nerves, orbit and sinus anatomy with normal and pathological clinical correlation with radiology PACS demonstrations, presented at 5 separate 50 min sessions to small groups: small groups x 5: 12/4/2018 2, 3, 4pm and 12/11/2018 2pm, 3pm	2018
Medicine, M3/4 Radiology Elective Introduction to Neuroradiology lecture "Altered Mental Status: Acute Imaging" 1/10/2017, 2/7/2017, 3/16/2017, 4/6/2017, 5/8/2017, 6/8/2017, 7/18/2017, 9/25/2017, 10/23/2017, 11/14/2017	Annual 2017
Medicine, Lecture, Guest Presenter, CONJ 611 Medical Neuroscience and Behavior (NEUROANATOMY M1 Lecture: Introduction to Brain and Spine Medical Imaging)	Annual 2017 - 2017
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, Radiology Resident Noon Conference Introduction to Neuroradiology Pt1 8/3/2017, pt2 8/10/2017, pt3 8/31/2017	2017 - 2017
Medicine, Small Group, Guest Presenter, M1 GROSS ANATOMY LAB: 1 hour lab presentations on skull base, cranial nerves, orbit and sinus anatomy with normal and pathological clinical correlation with radiology PACS demonstrations, presented at 4 separate 1hr sessions to small groups: 12/4/2017 2pm, 3pm and 12/5/2017 2pm, 3pm	2017 - 2017
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, M3/4 Radiology Elective Introduction to Neuroradiology lecture 1/8/2016, 3/17/2016, 5/17/2016, 6/3/2016, 7/20/2016, 8/8/2016, 9/8/2016, 10/13/2016, 11/9/2016	Annual 2016 - 2016
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, Radiology Resident Noon lecture series: MAXILLOFACIAL AND ORBIT TRAUMA Part 1 - 4/14/2016 Part 2 - 4/21/2016	2016 - 2016
Medicine, Lecture, Guest Presenter, MEDICAL NEUROBIOLOGY / NEUROANATOMY M1 (lecture: introduction to Brain and Spine Medical Imaging)	Spring 2016 - 2016
Medicine, M1 GROSS ANATOMY LAB: 1 hour lab presentations on skull base, cranial nerves, orbit and sinus anatomy with normal and pathological clinical correlation with radiology PACS demonstrations, presented 4 separate times to small groups: 11/29/2016 2pm, 3pm and 11/30/2016 2pm, 3pm	Annual 2016 - 2016
Medicine, Lecture, Guest Presenter, MEDICAL NEUROBIOLOGY / NEUROANATOMY M1 (introduction to Brain and Spine Medical Imaging)	Spring 2015 - 2015
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, Radiology Resident Noon lecture series: Congenital Brain Anomalies (part 1) 5/14/2015, (part 2) 5/28/2015	2015 - 2015
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, M3/4 Radiology Elective Introduction to Neuroradiology lecture 7/27/2015, 10/16/2015, 11/17/2015	Annual 2015 - 2015
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, Radiology Resident Noon lecture series: Congenital Spine Anomalies (part 1) 11/3/2015, (part 2) 11/10/2015, (part 3) 11/24/2015	Winter 2015 - 2015
Medicine, M1 GROSS ANATOMY LAB: 1 hour lab presentations on skull base, cranial nerves, orbit and sinus anatomy with normal and pathological clinical correlation with radiology PACS demonstrations, presented 4 separate times to small groups: 11/30/2015 3pm, 4pm and 12/2/2015 3pm, 4pm	Winter 2015 - 2015
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, Radiology Resident Noon lecture series:PHAKOMATOSES 3 HOURS PART 1 OF 3 NF1/2 , given 1/23/2014 PHAKOMATOSES 3 HOURS PART 2 OF 3 TS/VHL/SW , 2/6/2014 PHAKOMATOSES 3 HOURS PART 3 OF 3 MISC 2/13/2014	Spring 2014 - 2014
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, M3/4 Radiology Elective Introduction to Neuroradiology lecture 3/6/14	Spring 2014
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, MEDICAL NEUROBIOLOGY / NEUROANATOMY M1 4/15/2014: INTRODUCTION TO BRAIN AND SPINE MEDICAL IMAGING AND NORMAL ANATOMY	Spring 2014 - 2014
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, Radiology Resident Noon lecture series: HEMMORRHAGE IMAGING CT AND MRI 8/11/14	Summer 2014 - 2014
Medicine, TOPICS IN NEURORADIOLOGY FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS M3/M4 8/19/14, 10/10/14	2014 - 2014
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, TEMPORAL BONE IMAGING CT AND MRI – Radiology Resident Noon lecture series - PART 1 9/4/14, PART 2 9/11/14	Fall 2014 - 2014
Medicine, M1 GROSS ANATOMY LAB: 1 hour lab presentations on skull base, cranial nerves, orbit and sinus anatomy with normal and pathological clinical correlation with radiology PACS demonstrations, presented 4 separate times to small groups 12/1/2014 3,4pm, 12/4/2014 2,3 pm	Winter 2014 - 2014
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, 10 times/year from 2008 - current: INTRODUCTION TO NEURORADIOLOGY FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS	2013
Medicine, Lecture, Guest Presenter, MEDICAL NEUROBIOLOGY / NEUROANATOMY M1 4/16/2013	Spring 2013 - 2013
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, Radiology Resident Noon lecture series: INTRODUCTION TO NEURORADIOLOGY, BRAIN Topics part 1: 7/23/2013 part 2: 8/6/2013	Summer 2013 - 2013
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, Radiology Resident Noon lecture series: NON TRAUMATIC SPINE EMERGENCY IMAGING part 1 2/5/2013, part 2 2/12/2013	2013 - 2013
Medicine, Lab, Lab Presenter, M1 GROSS ANATOMY LAB: 1 hour lab presentations on skull base, cranial nerves, orbit and sinus anatomy with normal and pathological clinical correlation with radiology PACS demonstrations, presented 4 separate times to small groups	2013 - 2013
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, M2 Summer Internship/Observership	Summer 2012
651, Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, M3/4 Radiology Elective Introduction to Neuroradiology monthly lecture given 10 times	2012
Medicine, Lecture, Guest Presenter, MEDICAL NEUROBIOLOGY / NEUROANATOMY M1	Spring 2012 - 2012
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, Resident Teaching Conference CONGENITAL SPINE ANOMALIES	Fall 2012
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, Resident Teaching Conference ORBIT AND FACIAL TRAUMA 2 PARTS	Spring 2012
Medicine, Lab, Guest Presenter, M1 GROSS ANATOMY LAB: 1 hour lab presentations on skull base, cranial nerves and neck anatomy , presented 4 times 12/4,6/2012	Winter 2012 - 2012
631, Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, M3/4 Radiology Elective, Introduction to Neuroradiology, given 11 times	2011
Medicine, Lecture, Guest Presenter, MEDICAL NEUROBIOLOGY / NEUROANATOMY M1	Spring 2011 - 2011
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, Radiology Resident Noon lecture series: HEMMORRHAGE IMAGING CT AND MRI 11/7/2011	2011 - 2011
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, Radiology Resident Noon lecture series: Congenital brain disorders Part 1 7/11/2011, Part 2 7/18/2011	2011 - 2011
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, Radiology Resident Noon lecture series: CONGENITAL SPINE IMAGING PART 1 2/7/2011, PART 2 2/10/2011, PART 3 2/11/2011	2011 - 2011
Medicine, Lab, Lab Presenter, MEDICAL STUDENT GROSS ANATOMY M1 Lab	Fall 2010 - 2010
Medicine, Lab, Lab Presenter, MEDICAL STUDENT GROSS ANATOMY M1 Lab	Fall 2010 - 2010
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, Neurosurgery resident conference	Winter 2010
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, M3/4 Radiology Elective, Introduction to Neuroradiology, given 10 times	2010
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, Radiology Resident Noon lecture series: TEMPORAL BONE IMAGING CT AND MRI – PART 1 7/19/2010, PART 2 7/30/2010	2010 - 2010
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, Radiology Resident Noon lecture series:PHACOMATOSES 3 HOURS MULTIPART NF/TS/OTHER , PART 1 given 3/12010, PART 2 3/8/2010, PART 3 3/15/2010	2010 - 2010
Medicine, Lecture, INTRODUCTION TO NEURORADIOLOGY FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS –M3/4 course – ABOUT 9 TIMES PER YEAR	2009
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, Radiology Resident Noon lecture series: BRAIN TRAUMA TOPICS 2009	2009
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, Radiology Resident Noon lecture series: NON TRAUMATIC SPINE EMERGENCY IMAGING 2009	2009
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, Radiology Resident Noon lecture series: MAXILLOFACIAL AND ORBIT TRAUMA Part 1 - 4/2009 Part 2 - 4/2009	2009
Medicine, Lecture, Radiology Resident Noon lecture series:HEMMORRHAGE IMAGING 2/2009	2009
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, Radiology Resident Noon lecture series: NEURORADIOLOGY INSERVICE REVIEW 2/2008, MIXED NEURORADIOLOGY CASES 11/2008	2008
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, INTRODUCTION TO NEURORADIOLOGY FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS –M3/4 course – ABOUT 9 TIMES PER YEAR	2008
Medicine, Lecture, Lecturer, Radiology Resident Noon lecture series: PEDIATRIC CONGENITAL BRAIN IMAGING - 2/2008 TEMPORAL BONE IMAGING- 3/2008 INTRODUCTION TO NEURORADIOLOGY, BRAIN - 7/2008	2008

Residency Training

Radiology Resident Faculty Mentor, Attending Physician

Fellows supervised

Neuroradiology Fellowship, Attending Physician, 1 fellows supervised

07/2017 - Present

Schlakman, Bruce N., M.D.

Education

Current Positions

Education

Specialty Certification Licensure

Academic Appointments or Other Previous Appointments

Honors, Awards, and Recognition

Professional Membership and Service

Committee Service

Other Service

Publications

Journal Article

Presentations

Teaching Experience

Residency Training

Fellows supervised

Biography

Services & Procedures